15 December 1941—prisoners sentenced to death for having left the ghetto were executed in the prison.
GESTAPO (Geheime Staatspolizei)—the secret political police of the Third Reich.
GOY (Hebrew: nation; plural—goyim)—a non-Jewish person, gentile.
ḤALUTZ (Hebrew He-ḥalutz—pioneer; plural—ḥalutzim)—member of the Zionist-pioneer socialist youth movement He-ḥalutz, which sought to prepare young people for aliyah (that is, settlement in the Land of Israel), especially by preparing them to work in agriculture.
Ha-SHOMAR HA-TSA'IR (Hebrew: the youth guard)—a Zionist socialist youth movement, founded in 1913. During the occupation, the members of Ha-Shomer Ha-Tsa’ir played a significant role in organising civil and armed resistance against the Germans.
HOUSE COMMITTEE—the basic form of local administration in the Warsaw ghetto, consisting of residents of one tenement house, responsible for organising self-help for that building. House Committees were formed from voluntary defence units organised in different blocks of flats during the defence of Warsaw in September 1939. When the ghetto was sealed, approximately 2,000 House Committees were operating within the closed-off area.
JEWISH CEMETARY AT OKOPOWA STREET—cemetery established in 1806 and operating to this day; during the ghetto period, the majority of the deceased were buried in anonymous mass graves. The cemetery was also used as a route for smuggling goods, by taking advantage of its shared border with the Powązki Catholic Cemetery and the Lutheran Cemetery, both outside the ghetto. For this reason, the cemetery was excluded from the ghetto when its border was moved in December 1941.
JEWISH COUNCIL IN WARSAW (German: Judenrat)—administrative body of the Jewish community instituted by the Germans on 13 October 1939. Its responsibilities included supervising the observance of German regulations in the ghetto, which involved providing workers for forced labour. Jewish Council was also responsible for ensuring order in the ghetto, as well as social care, education, and health care. The Jewish
