and Lvov (from 2 July, a detachment of about 250 men stationed there). Fourteen operating units were established out of these commandos, operating from mid-July as part of the Einsatzkommando zur besonderen Verwendung. In the Lithuanian territory, the analogous task was undertaken by a specialunit of the Gestapo, Kommando Tilsit.
After the troops passed through, military administration was introduced in the occupied territories, subordinate to the commanders of rear formations. In Eastern Galicia it was General Karl von Roques. Some of the order regulations issued by the new authorities affected Jews in particular, as the militaryadministration ordered the first registration of the Jewish population, introduced armbands or patches with the Star of David, and set up Judenrate. There were also cases of contributions, warrants to give up radios, or the removal of Jews from the refinery in Drohobych and Borysław.
In areas populated by Lithuanians and Ukrainians, the situation in thefirst weeks of the German occupation was unstable. Using the method of fait accompli, both Lithuanians and Ukrainians proclaimed independence, established the independent authority, and issued a series of proclamations and ordinances. German military authorities tolerated such a state of affairs for some time, either not wanting to discourage potential allies in the anti-Soviet crusade too quickly, or lacking appropriate orders from Berlin. The Ukrainian episode did not last long, as on 11 July 1941 the self-appointed prime minister on behalf of the OUN-b, Yaroslav Stetsko, was arrested. In Galicia, the situation was further complicated by the fact that the southern territories were occupied by the Hungarian army, which installed their military governance, operating until the beginning of August. The situation of the Jews under the Hungarian occupation was slightly better, as the army defended them against acts of violence on the part of the local population, but the new authorities robbed industrial installations and transported them to Hungary, and additionally, from 15 July, deported Jewish refugees and prisoners from Transcarpathian Ukraine in the vicinity of Kołomyja. In Stanisławów, on 28 July, the Hungarian military command also ordered all Jews from the age of 12 to wear yellow armbands.
From the very first days of the German occupation, the Borderlands Jews had to face not only discriminatory regulations of the new government, but also active aggression on the part of the local population. The victims them-selves commonly defined them as pogroms, despite the fact that they assumed
GENERA L INTRO D U C TION XXXV
