people for forced labour camps, substituting for the Ukrainian Militia. The Ukrainians still captured them, but now only sporadically.
In mid-November the establishment of the ghetto was announced, with the closure date set for 14 December 1941. In order to organise the planned resettlement of the Jewish population, the entire city of Lvov was divided into zones, each with a deadline for the Jews to move out. But in early December, when most of the Jews had already resettled and only a handful of them were in the centre, the ghetto deadline was extended to 18 February 1942. Consequently, it remains open.
The district called Zamarstynów was assigned for the ghetto area. It is [41] a densely populated and generally very lousy district. A large percentage of the buildings, particularly those closer to the edge of the city, are built of wood and have neither electricity nor even a sewage system. The estimated population density in those houses was 1 person per 2.5 square metres.
The ghetto is separated from the rest of the city by a bridge with a railway line. Consequently, there is no other way to go to any of the other districts of the city than to walk underneath it. The German guards who were placed under that bridge initially satisfied themselves with only robbing the resettling people (given that, it was exceptional for one to move without losing anything). Later, both men and women began to be captured there for forced labour. In the end even the elderly were captured (more about this below). The result was that the Community clerks who lived in the ghetto would always commute from work in a group [42] escorted by a German, who charged each of them two zlotys to guarantee their safety.
In late November a Vernichtungbrigade711 arrived in Lvov and began capturing Jewish men above the age of 60 and executing them. According to reliable information I obtained from the Judenrat Obmann,712 there were selections of the captured and those able to work were sent to labour camps. In the largest Lvov prison on Łęcka713 Street there was a special chamber, where the old men selected to die were poisoned with gas.
In the meantime, the ghetto experienced increasingly frequent robberies and mass round-ups for forced labour conducted by the Germans and
