CONGRESS POLAND — a state-like structure established by decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, in various ways a dependent of the Russian Empire until 1917.
COUNCIL OF ELDERS, see Judenrat.
CRIMINAL POLICE, see Kripo.
CZARNI (Polish, lit. the blacks) — detachments of the Selbstschutz, consisting of local Volksdeutsche, who usually wore black uniforms.
ENDECJA (Polish, acronym for Narodowa Demokracja) — National Democracy, Polish nationalist and strongly anti-Semitic movement established in 1886.
ENDEK — member or sympathiser of Endecja.
FALANGA (Polish, part of the name of the Ruch Narodowo-Radykalny Falanga) —
National-Radical Movement, commonly referred to as ONR-Falanga or NaRa, Polish political formation established in the spring of 1935 as a result of a split in ONR.
FELDSHER (Yiddish, field surgeon) — a medical or surgical practitioner without formal qualifications.
FON, see Fundusz Obrony Narodowej.
FOUR-YEAR PLAN, V.P., — economic development plan implemented in the Third Reich during 1936–1940, with Hermann Göring at its head. The Plan’s main objectives were the reduction of unemployment, development of the chemical and car industries, and development of the motorway network.
FUNDUSZ OBRONY NARODOWEJ, FON, (Polish) — National Defence Fund.
GEMEINDE (German), see gmina.
GEMILUT CHESED (Hebrew, charity) — a self-help organisation; in the interwar period, a network of interest-free loan banks, organised by AJDC.
GENDARME (from French, gens d’armes) — a soldier or an officer of the military police.
GENDARMERIE (from French, gens d’armes) — a military unit whose main objectives were public order and security, often in cooperation with the secret service or police. See also Ordnungspolizei.
GENERAL GOVERNMENT, Generalgouvernement, GG — central part of Poland occupied by the Third Reich, following Hitler’s decree of 26 October 1939. It existed as an
